Which muscles are primarily involved in the pronation of the foot?

The muscles primarily involved in the pronation of the foot include the peroneus longus, brevis, tertius, and extensor digitorum longus. Pronation is a multi-dimensional movement that involves the flattening of the arch of the foot and the lateral rotation of the tibia. The peroneal muscles (longus, brevis, and tertius) are particularly effective at controlling this movement by facilitating eversion of the foot and thereby contributing to the overall pronation process.

The peroneus longus and brevis assist in eversion of the foot, which is a critical component of pronation. The peroneus tertius, although not always emphasized, also plays a role in dorsiflexion and eversion. Meanwhile, the extensor digitorum longus contributes to extending the toes and assists in some movements during the gait cycle that can influence foot positioning. This coordinated action of these muscles helps to stabilize the foot during activities such as running and walking, where pronation occurs.

In contrast, the other options listed involve muscles that either assist with supination or do not significantly contribute to the pronation mechanism itself. For example, tibialis posterior and flexor hallucis longus are mainly involved in