What is the role of sodium and potassium in the body?

Sodium and potassium play critical roles in the transmission of nerve impulses, which is essential for proper communication within the nervous system. These electrolytes are vital for maintaining the resting membrane potential and facilitating action potentials in neurons. When a nerve impulse is initiated, sodium ions rapidly enter the neuron, depolarizing the membrane and allowing the impulse to travel along the nerve. Subsequently, potassium ions flow out of the neuron, repolarizing the membrane and preparing it for the next impulse. This dynamic movement of sodium and potassium is crucial for effective signaling between nerve cells, muscle contraction, and overall physiological functioning.

In contrast, while energy production, formation of bones, and fat storage are important physiological processes, they do not specifically involve sodium and potassium's primary role in nerve impulse transmission.