The normal angle of torsion is typically in what range?

The normal angle of torsion, which refers to the relationship between the femur and the knee, is generally accepted to fall within the range of 12 to 15 degrees. This angle is crucial as it affects hip and knee mechanics during movement. A normal angle of torsion is essential for ensuring optimal alignment and function of the hip joint and lower limb. When the angle of torsion is in this range, it helps to facilitate proper gait and reduces the risk of injury by promoting balanced forces through the lower extremity. Deviations from this range can lead to functional issues, such as hip dysplasia or knee problems, emphasizing the importance of maintaining this anatomical parameter within the recognized norms.