An avulsion fracture is typically caused by what kind of force?

An avulsion fracture occurs when a fragment of bone is pulled off by a tendon or ligament that has been subjected to a sudden, powerful twist or stretch. This type of force creates enough tension to separate a small piece of bone where the tendon or ligament is attached, leading to the fracture.

In sports or athletic contexts, this often happens during rapid movements that involve abrupt changes in direction or intensity, making option B the most accurate description of the cause of avulsion fractures. The other types of forces listed, while they can cause different kinds of injuries, do not typically result in avulsion fractures in the same manner that a sudden twist or stretch does. Direct impacts may lead to contusions or fractures elsewhere but not specifically the avulsion type, while cumulative stress is more associated with overuse injuries that develop gradually. Crushing forces can lead to different fractures, often resulting in more complex injuries. The specific nature of the force in an avulsion fracture highlights the relationship between muscle-tendon dynamics and bone integrity during stress.